Najib ad-Dawlah
Najib ad-Dawlah
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Najib ad-Dawlah |
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Personal details |
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Died |
October 30, 1770 |
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Religion |
Islam |
The Third battle of Panipat, 13 January 1761, Najib ad-Dawlah and Shuja-ud-Daula,
standing left to Ahmad Shah Durrani, shown on a brown horse.
Najib
ad-Dawlah (Pashto
language: نجيب الدوله), also known as Najib Khan (Pashto
language: نجيب خان), was a Rohilla Yousafzai Pashtun who earlier served as a Mughal serviceman but later
deserted the cause of the Mughals and joined Ahmed Shah Abdali in 1757 in his attack on Delhi. He was
also a tribal chief in 18th century Rohilkhand, who in the 1740s founded the city of Najibabad in Bijnor district, India.
He began his career in
1743 as an immigrant from Swabi Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and a soldier. He was at
first an employee of Imad ul mulk. He deserted the cause of the Mughals and
joined Ahmed Shah Abdali in 1757 in his attack on Delhi. He was then appointed
as Mir Bakshi of the Mughal emperor by Abdali. Later in his career he was known as Najib ad-Dawlah, Amir al-Umra, Shuja ad-Dawlah.[1] From 1757 to 1770 he was governor
of Saharanpur, ruling over
Dehradun. Many architectural relics of the period of Rohilla he oversaw remain
in Najibabad, which he founded at the height of his career as a Mughal
minister.[2]
Contents
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4 Death
o 4.2 Desecration of his tomb by
the Marathas
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Biography
Najib Khan belonged to
the umarkhel section of MandanhYousafzai s. He
migrated from Swabi, now Pakistan in 1739
to join his uncle Bisharat Khan, who had settled with his band of Pathans at
Bisharatnagar, near Rampur.[citation needed] In 1749, Ali Mohammed, who had captured most of Rohilkhand by 1740, gave Najib Khan a northern
portion,[3] where he established the present day
city of Najibabad, a state of Najibabad independent from other Rohilla tribes,
and received the title, ‘Najib ad-Dawlah’.
Patthargarh
fort outside Najibabad, built by Najib ad-Dawlah in 1755. 1814-15
painting.
Najibabad, ca 1784-94, the
triple domed Jami Mosque and the entrance gate to the Rohilla palace
In 1752, The Marathas
were requested by Safdarjung, the Nawab of Oudh, to help him defeat Najib. The Maratha force
left Poona and defeated the Rohillas in 1752, capturing the whole of Rohilkhand.[4][5]
Imad-ul-Mulkh appointed
Najib ad- Dawlah as the governor of Saharanpur.[6] In 1757, Najib ad-Dawlah, who was then
the governor of Saharanpur under Mughal
Empire, invaded the city of Dehradun, with his army of Rohillas, and ruled the area for the next decade. His
rule was known for its administration, and development of land resources,
leading to widespread development and prosperity in the area, with emphasis on
agriculture and irrigation. Many mango groves created during the area still
exist today. Though after his death in 1770, the area again fell into the hands
of warring sides of Raj puts, Gujjars, Sikhs and Gurkhas, who successively
ruled the region, leading to its downfall [7]
Mukhtar Khas
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firstly Ahmed Shah and
all wad invited by nanibuddula to invade Delhi.neuromuscular and sujauddajlas
ancestors migrated from Bengal during sultan iltutmish when lakhNAUTI police
chief baba Islamabad son was governor of complainants and Aujuddha .His two sons
were become governor of these two provinces. Later on they came to Bengal with
Sultan gissues in Balbon lea viing their ancestors vulnerable.
Battle of Delhi, 1759
Main article: Siege of Delhi, 1757
Abdali's invasion of
1759 left Najib in effective control of Delhi who was appointed to the post of
'Mir Bakshi'.[6] He had become the de facto ruler of
Delhi, while the Mughal emperor was left with no actual power. His forces had
to clash with the advancing Marathas in Delhi in the Battle of Delhi in
which his forces were decisively defeated, Delhi was captured by Marathas and
he was allowed safe exit from Delhi on the insistence of Malharrao Holkar[6] with a promise to pay just 5 lakh rupees.[8]
Third Battle of Panipat
In the Third battle of Panipat, during the Imperial Maratha Conquests, he allied himself with the Durranis led by Ahmad Shah Durrani (also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali,[9] against the Marathas. Najib Khan was
shrewd enough to understand changed ground realities after third battle of Panipat . His cunning political acumen was used by Ahmed Shah Abdali to isolate Marathas & preventing
them from getting even single ally during their conflict with Durrani power.
His opposition to signing of treaty, with Marathas was the main cause of battle
being fought at Panipat. He not only provided, Ahmed Shah Abdali, with 40,000 Rohilla troops but also 70 guns
to the combined forces. He also convinced
Shuja-ud-Daula,
the Nawab of Oudh,
to join Ahmad Shah Abdali's forces against the Marathas. In this battle, the
Maratha's were defeated and as a consequence Rohilla increased in power.
After the war he was
made Mir Bakshi of Mughal emperor.[10] He had to become dictator of Delhi state
with empty treasury & territory confining to boundaries of Delhi city. He
negotiated bought peace with Marathas in 1768 by surrendering Doab.
Najib Khan was a
Pashtun soldier of fortune; he attained the hand of the daughter of Dunde Khan,
one of the chieftains of the Rohilkhand Pathans. Rewarded by this ruler with the charge of a
district, now Bijnor, in the North-west
corner of Rohilkhand, he had joined the
cause of Safdarjung,
when that minister occupied the country; but on the latter's disgrace had borne
a part in the campaigns of Ghazi-ud-din. When the Vizier first conceived the
project of attacking the government, he sent Najib in the command of a Mughal
detachment to occupy the country, about Saharanpur, then known as the Bawani
Mahal, which had formed the jagir of the Ex-Vazir Khan Khanan.
This territory thus
became in its turn separated from the Empire, and continued for two generations
in the family of Najib. He ruled the dwindled Empire for nine years, and died a
peaceful death, leaving his charge in an improved and strengthened condition,
ready for its lawful monarch. He was highly esteemed by the British in India.[citation needed]
Administrator of Delhi
As the Administrator
of Delhi and the imperial heartlands including Agra, Najib ad-Dawlah, was
clearly unsuccessful in halting the Jat peasant uprisings led by Raja Suraj Mal. During one massive assault, the Jats and
their leaders overran the Mughal garrison at Agra they plundered the city and
looted the two great silver doors to the entrance of the famous Taj Mahal were looted and melted down by
Raja Suraj Mal in 1764.[11]
Rohilkhand was invaded by
the Marathas to retaliate against the Rohilla participation in the Panipat War. Eventually, he made a pact with the
Marathas, who rose to power in 1769-70, in 1770, he advanced with Maratha army
under, Scindias and Holkars, and went on to defeat Rahmat Khan, the Nawab of Rohilkhand, who has earlier made himself, the head
of Etawah, after the Third Battle of Panipat 1761.,[12]
Death
After protecting Rohilkhand, Delhi and Agra for nearly ten years as
regent of the Mughal Empire he fell ill and died on October 30, 1770[13]/
Succeeded by Zabita
After his death he was
succeeded by his son Zabita Khan.
His cemetery is still in present day, Najibabad, where the Patthargarh Fort still exists.
Desecration of his tomb by the Marathas
His son Zabita Khan was defeated by the Marathas, led
by Mahadji Sindhia in
1772 and the fort of Pathargarh was completely looted by the Marathas in the
form of horses, elephants, guns and other valuable things, which the Rohillas
had looted at Panipat, they also destroyed his grave, scattering the bones all
around.[14]
A few years later, in
the subsequent Rohilla War,
the Rohillas were attacked by Awadh with help from British East India Company forces.
When Hafiz Rahmat Khan was killed, in April 1774, they were defeated, and
Rohilkhand was plundered; and later, the Rohilla power east of the Ganges was
crushed, and the final treaty by which the territory was incorporated in Awadh was concluded at Lal Dhang. The District was ceded to the British by
the Nawab of Awadh, Saadat Ali Khan II in 1801.[3]
See also
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Mughal Empire
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Shah Alam II
Further reading
·
Najib-ud-Daula at Dehli The Fall of the Moghul Empire of Hindustan,
by H. G. Keene.
1887, Part II, Chapter II, 1764.
·
The
Fall of the Mughal Empire by Jadunath Sarkar
References
1. ↑ History of Etawah Etawah Official
website.
2. ↑ Najibabad 
This
article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm,
Hugh, ed. (1911) Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.) Cambridge
University Press.
3. ↑ Jump up to:3.0 3.1 History of Bijnor District The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909,
v. 8, p. 194-195.
4. ↑ Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative
Survey - Somerset Playne, R. V. Solomon, J. W. Bond, Arnold Wright - Google
Books. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 2012-05-27.
5. ↑ Studies in Mughal history – Ashvini Agrawal. Google Books.
Retrieved 5 April 2012.
6. ↑ Jump up to:6.0 6.1 6.2 Third Battle of Panipat by Abhas Verma ISBN 9788180903397 Bharatiya Kala
Prakashan
7. ↑ History of Dehra Dun The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909,
v. 11, p. 213.
8. ↑ Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813
9. ↑ Najibabad Tehsil & Town The
Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 18, p. 334.
10. ↑ History of Modern India, 1707 A. D. to 2000 A. D
11. ↑ http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/TajM.html
12. ↑ History of Bareilly District The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909,
v. 7, p. 5.
13. ↑ Rule of Shah Alam, 1759-1806 The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909,
v. 2, p. 411.
14. ↑ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=1771+scindia&source=bl&ots=Ohxv9jrPpo&sig=gdLcPTomT2FOmazdsOmytJmiiFE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JF2_T_PEF8PYrQfPkNW2CQ&ved=0CE4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=1771%20scindia&f=false
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